GEM STRUCTURE CHART

Compliments of
The International Gem Society

Structure Crystal axes and Angles Optic Character Refractive Indexes Optic Sign Pleochroism Examples
Amorphous No order
No axes
Isotropic
Singly refractive
1 RI None None Opal, Amber, Glass, Plastic
Isometric 1 axis length
All at 90°
Isotropic
Singly refractive
1 RI None None Diamond, Spinel, Garnet
Tetragonal 2 axis lengths
All at 90°
Anisotropic
Doubly refractive
2 RI's Uniaxial May be dichroic Zircon
Hexagonal 2 axis lengths Anisotropic
Doubly refractive
2 RI's Uniaxial May be dichroic Quartz, Beryl, Apatite, Corundum, Tourmaline
Orthorhombic 3 axis lengths
All at 90°
Anisotropic
Doubly refractive
3 RI's Biaxial May be trichroic Topaz, Zoisite, Peridot
Monoclinic 3 axis lengths
2 axes at 90°; 1 oblique
Anisotropic
Doubly refractive
3 RI's Biaxial May be trichroic Orthoclase, Spodumene
Triclinic 3 axis lengths
all axes oblique
Anisotropic
Doubly refractive
3 RI's Biaxial May be trichroic Labradorite, Axenite

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